Short answer: Up to 10 years at 1 daily update. Around 3.5 - 7 years generally with other configurations and applications.        
Long (more accurate) answer: It depends on many things, see here for details along with a battery life calculator. 

See How to change the Update Rate - [Oyster3]       
The Oyster3 has 3 tracking modes, discussed here - Oyster3- Tracking Modes       

The tracking modes are:

• "Standard" GPS movement based tracking. The update rate is increased when on the move (as according to the GPS - i.e. we're actually covering distance)
• "Jostle Mode" - accelerometer Movement based tracking, the update rate is increased when accelerometer activity is detected - even if we are sitting in one spot vibrating. 
• Periodic Tracking - just update twice daily etc.

Yes, see Scheduled Uploads - Oyster3 

See Default Tracking Parameters - [Oyster3]

By default, the Oyster3 is setup for trip tracking. The following default settings apply:

• Out of Trip: 12 hour heartbeats. This is a GPS point and an upload every 12 hours.
• In Trip:
  • Start trip threshold of 250m
  • Upload on trip start.
  • GPS points every 2 minutes
  • Upload every 30 minutes.
  • End a trip after 5 minutes of no movement.
  • Upload on trip end.

It is most likely that the device simply failed its first fix attempt (it will attempt one on start up) - if it fails, it will go back to sleep until the next scheduled upload. On default settings, this means not for 12 hours, unless you move over 250m from your position (to start a trip). So to attempt another, move to a location with good GPS reception, remove the batteries for 30 secs, and reinsert. This does not do anything special, but it reboots the device and will mean it will start up and attempt another fix and upload.    

For further troubleshooting steps see:

• GPS Troubleshooting - No Fix [Oyster3 Cellular]
• Sending Test Data - [Oyster3]

Run hours can be tracked quite accurately using Jostle mode, see here for information: Run Hour Monitoring - Oyster3 Cellular   

Odo readings are not as simple. Generally hard-wired devices should be used to track odometer readings. Getting an accurate reading relies on getting positions frequently enough during movement. The default 2 min logging can sometimes be OK, but it will never be as accurate as a hard wired device which will keep the GPS on during movement, getting a location more frequently and following every corner. The Oyster3 will clip corners, or you can imagine in the extreme case, if you make a round trip between two GPS fixes and return to your start point, the distanced travelled will be 0m according to the Oyster3.

See here: Recovery Mode - Oyster3

See here: Battery Level Monitoring [Oyster3]

The Oyster3 is not fitted with a coulomb counter, thus the battery life remaining estimate must be made on voltage alone.

Yes, see High-G Impact Detection - [Oyster3]

Here is how the Oyster3 operates while in recovery mode.

With fresh batteries in, and the device on the move, we should see about 1-2 weeks in recovery mode.

The standard LED color for devices is red. Due to component availability, some production runs could be made with blue LEDs. There is no difference in behavior based on the color seen.